Novel Readings
— Jane Austen
For this unit, you will CHOOSE ONLY ONE NOVEL to read. Choose between the three listed here and described below: Pride and Prejudice, To Kill a Mockingbird, and The Princess Bride. You will need to secure your own copy of the novel you choose; if you have any questions, please let me know.
Please note, for this unit’s quiz, just take the one for the novel you read. I will exempt you from the other two quizzes (for novels you didn’t read).
The novel — “a fictitious prose narrative of book length, typically representing character and action with some degree of realism” — may be the pinnacle of literature, captivating readers with its immersive narratives, expansive characters, and thought-provoking themes. As one of the most celebrated and diverse literary genres, novels provide an opportunity to explore intricate storylines, delve into the depths of human experiences, and navigate complex social, cultural, and historical contexts.
Novels have a rich history that can be traced back centuries. While storytelling has always been a part of human culture, the novel as a distinct form emerged in the 1700s, with influential works such as Daniel Defoe’s Robinson Crusoe. Early novels set the stage for the development of longer, more intricate narratives that allowed authors to delve into the complexities of character development, explore social issues, and capture the essence of the human condition.
One of the defining characteristics of the novel is its extended length, which grants authors the space to intricately weave intricate plots, multifaceted characters, and expansive settings. Unlike shorter literary forms, novels offer the opportunity for deep exploration and a comprehensive portrayal of the author’s vision. They can span hundreds of pages, enabling readers to fully immerse themselves in the story and connect with the characters on a profound level. Novels often serve as mirrors of society, reflecting the values, aspirations, and challenges of the time in which they were written.
Within the realm of novels, we encounter an array of story genres and subgenres that cater to diverse interests and preferences. From classic literature to contemporary fiction, from historical sagas to futuristic dystopias, the novel offers an expansive canvas for authors to craft stories that entertain, challenge, and inspire readers.
Moreover, novels serve as windows into different cultures, time periods, and perspectives. They can transport us to distant lands, shed light on historical events, and provide a deeper understanding of human nature. Through reading and analyzing novels, we have the opportunity to broaden our horizons, cultivate empathy, and develop critical thinking skills. By studying the novel, we will gain a deeper appreciation for the power of storytelling and the profound impact that literature can have on our lives.
As we dive into the world of novels, prepare to be captivated by the compelling narratives, challenged by thought-provoking themes, and inspired by the artistry of renowned authors. Through close reading and critical analysis, we will unravel the layers of meaning embedded within these literary treasures. The novel awaits, ready to transport us to new worlds, ignite our imaginations, and leave a lasting imprint on our literary journey.
Elements of Literature: The Novel
When interpreting novels, students should consider taking notes on the following aspects:
- Outline of Key Events: Create a chronological or thematic outline of the significant events, plot points, and character developments that occur in the first half of the novel.
- Characters: Note the main characters and their traits, motivations, relationships, and arcs throughout the story. Pay attention to their growth, conflicts, and interactions.
- Setting: Analyze the time period, geographical location, and social or cultural context in which the story unfolds. Consider how the setting influences the events and characters.
- Themes: Identify the major themes or ideas explored in the novel, such as love, power, identity, or justice. Track how these themes develop and resonate throughout the narrative.
- Narrative Structure: Examine the novel’s structure, including the use of chapters, perspectives, or non-linear storytelling. Note any narrative techniques employed by the author.
- Style and Language: Pay attention to the author’s writing style, use of language, and literary devices. Analyze how these elements contribute to the overall tone and atmosphere of the story.
- Symbolism and Imagery: Identify recurring symbols, motifs, or imagery employed by the author. Reflect on their significance and how they contribute to the deeper layers of meaning in the novel.
- Point of View: Consider the narrative perspective and its impact on the reader’s understanding and engagement with the story. Analyze the reliability and subjectivity of the narrator.
- Social or Historical Context: Research the historical, cultural, or social context in which the novel was written and published. Explore how these factors might influence the author’s intentions and themes.
- Character Development and Relationships: Track the development of characters over time and note any significant relationships, conflicts, or transformations that occur.
Remember that each novel is unique, and the specific elements to focus on may vary depending on the genre, the author’s style, and the themes explored. Adapt your note-taking approach to best suit the specific novel you are interpreting.
Next are profiles for each of the three novels. You will choose one novel to read for the course and assignments.
I hope these three profiles, one for each novel, will help in the selection and analysis of the single chosen novel you will read for the course.
Pride and Prejudice (1813)
Summary: In the world of Regency England, Elizabeth Bennet, a spirited and independent young woman, navigates the societal expectations and norms of her time. Set in the English countryside, the story unfolds as Elizabeth encounters the proud and wealthy Mr. Darcy. Filled with misunderstandings, societal pressures, and the complexities of love, Pride and Prejudice explores the journey of self-discovery and the pursuit of happiness.
Taking place during the early 1800s, Pride and Prejudice offers a glimpse into a time when social class and marriage were of utmost importance. It reflects the manners, customs, and expectations prevalent in Austen’s society, shedding light on the constraints faced by women and the social hierarchy that governed their lives.
Themes: Themes of love, marriage, social class, and personal growth are woven into the fabric of Pride and Prejudice. Austen’s insightful portrayal of characters and her satirical commentary on the society of her time make this novel a timeless exploration of human relationships and the consequences of prejudice and preconceived notions.
Author: Jane Austen, an influential English writer of the 19th century, is known for her wit, social observation, and engaging storytelling. Born in 1775, Austen’s own experiences and observations of the society in which she lived greatly influenced her writing. Pride and Prejudice, published in 1813, is one of her most beloved works and showcases her skill in both her biting social commentary and capturing the nuances and complexities of human behavior and relationships.
Impact: There are very few novels that have had as much of an impact on literature and popular culture. It is widely regarded as one of (if not the) greatest novel ever written. Pride and Prejudice also contributed enormously to the development of the novel as a literary form. Yet it continues to captivate readers with its engaging narrative and timeless themes. The novel has received widespread acclaim for its insightful commentary on society and its enduring portrayal of strong, independent female characters. It has been adapted into numerous film and television adaptations, solidifying its status as a literary classic.
Note: Some students may find it challenging to fully grasp the intricacies of the social customs and norms of the Regency era. Exploring the nuances of Austen’s language and the subtle social commentary within the novel might require closer attention and analysis than in the other novels.
Frequently Requested Clarifications about Pride and Prejudice:
Social Class and Hierarchy: Regency society was highly stratified, with rigid social classes and hierarchies. The interactions and relationships between characters are often influenced by their social status and the expectations associated with their class.
Marriage and Courtship: Marriage was a central theme and goal in Regency society, particularly for women. The novel explores the challenges faced by women in finding suitable partners, the importance of wealth and social standing in marriage considerations, and the societal pressures surrounding courtship.
Gender Roles and Expectations: Gender roles were defined and restrictive during the Regency era. Women were expected to be modest, obedient, and focused on marriage and domestic duties, while men held positions of authority and were responsible for the financial support of their families. Before being married, young people were generally only allowed to converse while “in motion” — either walking or dancing, for instance, although there are some allowances for social events.
Etiquette and Manners: Regency society had strict rules of etiquette and manners governing social interactions. Proper behavior, decorum, and adherence to social conventions were highly valued, and breaches of etiquette were seen as scandalous. For example, the use of first names, alone, was confined to close friends, hence the frequent use of Miss and Mister.
Entailment and Inheritance Laws: The concept of entailment plays a significant role in Pride and Prejudice. Entailment was a legal practice that restricted the inheritance of property to specific heirs, often passing from father to son. This practice created financial concerns, inheritance expectations, and motivations for characters. The unfairness of such practices was something Austen attacked in her novel.
Importance of Wealth and Property: Wealth and property ownership were crucial determinants of social status and influence during the Regency era. There were very few jobs and professions available at the time, especially among the gentry — the military, the church, and the law being among them; even in these professions, individuals often sought connections and patronage from wealthy and influential families to advance their careers (see Mr. Collins). The novel explores the impact of wealth, inherited estates, and financial considerations on the characters’ lives and relationships.
Class Consciousness: Class consciousness and prejudices based on social standing were prevalent during this era. Characters often make judgments and form opinions based on their social class, leading to misunderstandings, prejudices, and conflicts. To be clear, the higher status of the upper-class, was, in many ways, more real than imagined, as we Americans might assume (and Austen seems to argue for). Elizabeth believes, accurately, that both she and Mr. Darcy are, in a sense, at the same level — children of gentlemen who were among the landed gentry. However, Mr. Bennett’s income was far less than Darcy’s originally and his investments have apparently gone poorly; his interests lie more in his library than in a more aggressive investment strategy. The Bingleys are at a similar level, although their position and wealth were more recently gained (only a generation or two earlier); Miss Bingley’s snobbery is an attempt to add legitimacy to her more recently attained social standing.
Country Estates and Land Ownership: Country estates, such as Pemberley in Pride and Prejudice, were a symbol of wealth and status. They represented a family’s ancestral home, and the management and maintenance of these estates were central to the characters’ lives — hence, Mr. Darcy’s many letters about his business affairs. Management of the household was often entrusted to a female relative, mainly a wife, although Mr. Bingley, while single, has entrusted that to his sister, Miss Caroline Bingley. Such homes often helped provide employment and other support for local communities, much as Lambton seems to largely depend on Darcy and the Pemberley estate. The wealthiest also maintained second homes “in town,” meaning in London, which was the center of government, commerce, shipping, and more, for Great Britain and beyond.
Limited Rights for Women: Women had limited rights and freedoms during the Regency era. They were subject to the authority of male relatives and had restricted access to education, property ownership, and employment opportunities. Jane Austen knew this well, since she, herself, remained unmarried. The entailment of Mr. Bennett’s properties to Mr. Collins, his closest male relative of the younger generation, refers to this weakened standing of women at the time.
Letter Writing and Communication: Letter writing was the primary mode of communication during this time. The exchange of letters plays a significant role in the novel, conveying important information, emotions, and plot developments. Single men cannot “mail” letters to single women, so Mr. Darcy has to deliver his personally (whose letter, as Bingley predicted earlier, contains 95 four-syllable words).
Mr. Darcy’s Wealth: It’s difficult to calculate the buying power of Mr. Darcy’s rumored “10,000 per year” since our economies are so different that accounting for inflation — multiplying the amount 50 times — likely doesn’t do it justice. During the Regency Era, the economy was based on labor and services, where having wealth meant allowing for the employment of many workers. Nowadays, we have a consumer goods economy where wealth allows for the purchase of goods (such as a piano, the only example of a true consumer good in the novel). Here are three approaches to calculating Darcy’s wealth. Remember that money in the United Kingdom is denoted in “pounds,” not dollars.
- For comparison, consider how Mr. Darcy’s annual income of 10,000 pounds, presumably derived from interest and proceeds from investments and leased farmland, compares to the standard rate a household or farm worker would earn for a year of work: 10 pounds per year — a standard rate for decades.
Thus, Darcy’s investment and farming/leasing income of 10,000 pounds per year could conceivably employ 1,000 workers per year. If one assumes an estimate that employing 1,000 workers at a comparable rate today would require about $40 million per year, then (based on a conservative rate of investment return of four percent), your total holdings would need to be approximately $1 billion. With a higher rate of return, it might be lower, but still in hundreds of millions in terms of today’s money.
- Similarly, literary historians have estimated that Mr. Darcy’s income would place him among the top 100 to 200 earners in Great Britain, which in comparison with today’s earners, would again require him to be in the billionaire range.
- A third approach would be to consider that the Pemberley estate, today, could easily cost between $5-10 million per year to staff and maintain similarly. The kinds of families today, who maintain households costing that much per year, are generally worth hundreds of millions or more.
Much of Darcy’s arrogance (and underlying fear) is rooted in managing his beloved (and deceased) father’s estate — and the many responsibilities which go along with it. It’s a lot for a young man to take on, to be sure. However, simply avoiding mockery as a “gentleman” is not the same thing as becoming a true gentleman, like his father was, in actions, spirit, and character. It would be more effective to try to become a better person — as Elizabeth suggests, “to take the trouble of practising” — than merely to do little and assume much of ourselves, even if it means that trying sometimes leads to social awkwardness and occasional embarrassment. In life, then and now, we cannot simply “be.” We must become.
Understanding these aspects of Regency society will provide a deeper insight into the characters’ motivations, choices, and social dynamics portrayed in Pride and Prejudice.
Spoiler Alert: Learn more about Elizabeth Bennett and Mr. Darcy. Learn more about Lydia and Wickham in this “close reading” video on YouTube by Dr. Octavia Cox.
Trigger Warning for Pride and Prejudice: This novel explores the social class struggles of the “Regency Era” in the United Kingdom (1795-1837).
While the characters’ motivations and dynamics are clear, the language and social environment of the time may be confusing. If you feel that this might be an issue for you, consider opting for an “Annotated Version” with footnotes that provide explanations and context (I like the version annotated by David Shapard). It is the briefest of the novels but the annotated version may add to its length.
Lastly, be mindful that the story revolves around a “marriage plot.” If you’re freaking out about getting married, or marriage generally, or have no interest in marriage whatsoever, this may either be the worst — or best — novel for you; Jane Austen, who never married, may be a sympathetic voice on the subject.
To Kill a Mockingbird (1960)
Summary: To Kill a Mockingbird is a novel written by Harper Lee and published in 1960. Set in the 1930s in the fictional town of Maycomb, Alabama, the story is narrated by Scout Finch, a young girl growing up in a racially divided and prejudiced society.
The narrative revolves around Scout’s observations of her father, Atticus Finch, a lawyer defending a black man named Tom Robinson who has been accused of raping a white woman. Through Scout’s innocent perspective, the novel explores themes of racism, injustice, courage, compassion, and the loss of innocence, as she witnesses the deep-rooted prejudice and bigotry present in her community.
Themes: To Kill a Mockingbird addresses several significant themes that continue to resonate with readers. The novel explores the destructive nature of racism and prejudice, portraying the injustice and societal divisions caused by racial discrimination.
It also examines the loss of innocence and the coming-of-age journey as Scout and her brother, Jem, grapple with the harsh realities of the world around them. The theme of moral courage is another central element, depicted through Atticus Finch’s unwavering commitment to justice and his willingness to confront the prejudice and hatred of his community.
Other themes include the power of empathy and compassion, the importance of education and understanding, and the complexities of social class and gender roles.
Author: Harper Lee, born in 1926, was an American author known for her first, groundbreaking novel To Kill a Mockingbird. Lee grew up in Monroeville, Alabama, which served as the inspiration for the fictional town of Maycomb in the novel. Published in 1960, To Kill a Mockingbird was Lee’s only published work until the release of a (disappointing) sequel in 2015. Lee’s writing style is characterized by its evocative storytelling, vivid descriptions, and poignant exploration of social issues. Her work tackles themes of racial inequality and social justice, making a lasting impact on American literature.
Impact: To Kill a Mockingbird has had a profound impact on literature, society, and discussions surrounding race and justice. It quickly became a classic of American literature and has been widely studied in schools and universities.
The novel’s honest portrayal of racial prejudice and its exploration of moral and ethical dilemmas continue to resonate with readers, challenging them to confront their own biases and preconceptions. The character of Atticus Finch has become an iconic figure, representing integrity, empathy, and the fight against injustice. The novel’s enduring popularity and cultural significance have made it a touchstone in conversations about race, social inequality, and the complexities of the American experience.
Frequently Requested Clarifications about To Kill a Mockingbird:
Racial Segregation and Prejudice: To Kill a Mockingbird is set in the 1930s in the Deep South of the United States, where racial segregation and discrimination were deeply ingrained in society. Understanding the historical context of Jim Crow laws and the systemic racism of the time is crucial to fully grasp the challenges faced by African Americans and the racial tensions portrayed in the novel. For example, the trial highlights the racial bias and injustice prevalent in Maycomb, as Robinson faces false accusations solely based on his race.
Southern Gothic: To Kill a Mockingbird incorporates elements of Southern Gothic literature, a genre characterized by dark themes, eccentric characters, and the haunting atmosphere of the American South. This context helps young readers appreciate the eerie and mysterious elements woven into the narrative. For instance, the mysterious figure of Boo Radley and the rumors surrounding his reclusive life add a sense of unease and curiosity to the story.
Great Depression: The Great Depression, an economic crisis that plagued the United States during the 1930s, is an important backdrop for the events in the novel. The widespread poverty, unemployment, and hardship experienced by many during this period contribute to the social and economic disparities depicted in Maycomb. Scout’s observations of the struggles faced by the Cunninghams, a poor farming family, offer a glimpse into the challenges brought about by the Great Depression.
Loss of Innocence: To Kill a Mockingbird explores the loss of innocence and the harsh realities of the world through the eyes of Scout and Jem. As they witness the injustices, racism, and cruelty present in their community, they confront the loss of their childlike naivety and learn to navigate the complexities of adult life. The encounters they have with the racist attitudes and actions of their neighbors challenge their previously innocent worldview.
Civil Rights Movement: Although To Kill a Mockingbird is set in the 1930s, the novel reflects the themes and issues that would later fuel the Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s and 1960s — when the book was published. Understanding the historical context of the ongoing struggle for racial equality in the United States helps young readers recognize the relevance and lasting impact of the novel’s themes of racial injustice and the fight against discrimination.
Southern Culture: The novel presents a vivid portrayal of Southern culture, with its traditions, dialects, and societal norms. Familiarizing oneself with the customs and values of the Southern region of the United States may help one appreciate the nuances and authenticity of the characters and their interactions. For example, the Finch family’s interactions with their neighbors and their involvement in community events illustrate the importance of community ties and the influence of social expectations in the South.
Childhood and Coming-of-Age: To Kill a Mockingbird is a coming-of-age story that explores the challenges and growth of its young, tomboy protagonist, Scout Finch. Understanding the themes of childhood innocence, curiosity, and the journey toward maturity allows young readers to connect with Scout’s experiences and the lessons she learns throughout the novel. The exploration of friendship, sibling relationships, moral development, the challenges of gender roles, and the responsibilities of adulthood add depth to the narrative and resonates with readers of all ages. Compare the changes in Scout’s behavior on the first day of school versus how she acts at the end of the missionary circle tea (chapter XXIV/24).
Trigger Warning for To Kill a Mockingbird: This novel addresses sensitive topics related to racism, racial violence, and social injustice in the context of the 1930s American South. The depiction of racial slurs and discriminatory attitudes may be distressing and uncomfortable for some readers. Additionally, the themes of injustice and prejudice portrayed throughout the story may evoke strong emotional responses. It is important to approach this novel with caution if you have personal experiences or traumas related to racism or discrimination.
Furthermore, the use of dialect and the portrayal of Southern culture and customs might require additional effort to understand and navigate, which may be frustrating for some readers.
If you find these elements challenging, seeking out resources such as annotated editions or supplementary materials can provide helpful context and support. It is essential to prioritize your emotional well-being if you choose to engage with the powerful themes presented in this novel.
The Princess Bride (1973)
Summary: The Princess Bride is a delightful and whimsical tale that combines elements of fantasy, adventure, and romance. The story follows Buttercup, a beautiful young woman, and Westley, her true love, as they embark on a perilous journey to rescue each other from various obstacles, including the nefarious Prince Humperdinck. Filled with humor, sword fights, and a cast of memorable characters, The Princess Bride is a delightful adventure that defies genre conventions.
Although The Princess Bride is a work of fiction, its metafictional framing device adds an intriguing layer to the narrative. William Goldman, the author, presents the story as an abridged version of a larger book by the fictional author, S. Morgenstern. This meta-narrative element adds an extra level of whimsy and playfulness to the novel, blurring the lines between reality and fantasy.
Themes: On the moral level, The Princess Bride is about contrasting glorious fantasy with mundane reality, in both comic and ironic ways. Mostly, it is about “true love” — both what it is, and what it isn’t.
Author: The Princess Bride explores themes of true love, friendship, honor, and the power of storytelling. William Goldman, an American novelist and screenwriter, wrote the novel, which was published in 1973. Known for his wit and clever storytelling techniques, Goldman’s unique approach to storytelling in The Princess Bride has charmed readers of all ages.
Impact: Despite initially receiving modest success, The Princess Bride gained a cult following over the years and has become a beloved classic. It was adapted into a highly acclaimed film in 1987, which further popularized the story and its witty dialogue. The novel’s blend of humor, adventure, and romance continues to enchant readers and has solidified its status as a timeless and enjoyable tale.
Note: Students may need to embrace the book’s playful and self-aware tone, as well as its unconventional narrative structure, which adds layers of complexity to the story. Exploring the interplay between fantasy and reality within the novel can enhance their appreciation of its unique charm.
Frequently Requested Clarifications about The Princess Bride:
Metafiction and Authorial Voice: The Princess Bride, written by William Goldman, incorporates metafictional elements where Goldman inserts himself into the narrative. So, there is one author/narrator commenting on the work of a previous author/narrator. Understanding Goldman’s role as the author and his status in Hollywood adds a layer of complexity to the story.
Storyline in the Modern Era: The novel includes commentary by William Goldman about his experiences in Hollywood as a screenwriter. References to the film industry and discussions about adapting the story for the big screen provide insight into the book’s modern context.
Pricing of Long-Distance Calling: In the book, Goldman makes long-distance phone calls from Los Angeles to New York. The further the call, the more pricey it became — every minute was billed and expensive. Further, by calling on a hotel phone, the call would be paid at an even higher rate. There was no voicemail or phone message machines at the time. This subplot reflects the challenges and expenses of long-distance communication before the advent of affordable and widespread technology like mobile phones and the Internet. Many of the difficulties and suffering of people in the past, and in stories, could have been solved by a quick text or voicemail; it is a wonder (to those of us old enough to ponder such things) that so many problems, and sorrows, remain.
Difficulties of Searching for Books Pre-Internet: Goldman discusses his struggle to find a copy of the original Princess Bride book for his son. Again, this highlights the challenges of locating specific books before the convenience of Amazon, online searches, and ebooks.
The Would-be Actress: In the book, Goldman mentions an actress who seems to flirt with him during the making of a film, apparently in hopes of getting an inside track to securing a role in a movie. Depending on the role, one or two significant roles, and their very large paydays, could set an actor up for life, e.g., earning enough to pay off a home. This anecdote is a playful fictional addition, adding a humorous layer to the author’s personal experiences.
Fictional Family vs. Actual Family: The book features fictionalized versions of William Goldman’s family members. It’s important to distinguish between the characters in the story and Goldman’s real-life family to understand the author’s creative choices and their impact on the narrative.
Buttercup and Wesley: The love story between Buttercup and Wesley forms the heart of The Princess Bride. Understanding their relationship, which spans adventure, separation, and reunification, is essential to appreciate the romantic and comedic elements of the story. The frequent reply, “As you wish” — and its interpretation — is key to understanding the novel’s message about love.
Comedy and Irony: The Princess Bride incorporates a blend of comedy and irony throughout the narrative. Younger readers might miss some of the subtle humor or satirical elements embedded in the story without careful reading. Being attuned to the wit and comedic undertones enhances the reading experience.
By considering these aspects, readers can delve deeper into The Princess Bride‘s unique blend of romance, adventure, metafiction, and humor while appreciating the author’s personal anecdotes and the context in which the story was written.
Trigger Warning for The Princess Bride: By its own account, the book includes: “Fencing. Fighting. Torture. Poison. True love. Hate. Revenge. Giants.
Hunters. Bad men. Good men. Beautifulest ladies. Snakes. Spiders. Beasts of all natures and descriptions. Pain. Death. Brave men. Coward men. Strongest men. Chases. Escapes. Lies. Truths. Passion. Miracles.” The book is largely told in comedic and ironic ways.
Other Readings:
- What Is a Novel? Definition and Characteristics
- Reading a Novel or Story
- Literary Terms (This link is important to help you write your essays.)
Please remember to take notes on all the readings and videos in the course, including the novel you choose, and use your notes to take a minute to review all your hard work, daily.